Muscular system
Muscular systems
are an organ system consisting of the skeletal, smooth & cardiac muscles.
Its permit movements of the body maintain postures and circulate blood
throughout body. The muscular systems in vertebrate are controlled through
nervous system although some muscle such as cardiac muscle can be completely
autonomous. Together with the skeletal system it forms the musculoskeletal
system, which is responsible for movement of the human body.
Muscles
Three
distinct types of muscles:
The skeletal
muscles cardiac/heart muscles and smooths non striated muscles. Muscle provides
strength, balances, postures, movements and heats to the body to keep it warm.
Upon the stimulation
by action potential skeletal muscles performs coordinated contraction by the shortening
each sarcomere, best proposed models for understanding contraction are sliding
filament model of muscles contraction, action & myosin fiber overlaps in a
contractile motion toward each other. Myosin filament has club shaped head that
projects towards action filament.
Larger
structure along myosin filaments called myosin head is used provided attachments
point on bindings site for action filament. The myosin head moves in a
coordinated style they swivel towards centers of sarcomere, detach & then
reattaches to nearest actives site of action filaments. These are called a ratchet
types drive systems. These processes consume large amount of adenosine
triphosphates.
Energy for
this comes from, energy source of cell. ATP binds to cross bridge between
myosin head and action filament. The release of the energy power swiveling of myosin
heads. Muscle stores little ATP & so must continuously recycle discharged
adenosine diphosphate molecule into ATP rapidly. Muscles tissue also contained stored
supplies of fastest acting recharges chemical creative phosphate which can
assists initially producing rapid regeneration of ADP into ATP.
Calcium
ion is required for each cycle of sarcomere, calcium are released from sarcoplasmic
reticulum into the sarcomerewhen a muscle is stimulated to contract. This
calcium uncovers the action binding site. When muscle no longer need to
contract, calcium ion is pumped from sarcomere & back into storage in sarcoplasmic
reticulum’s.
Aerobic muscles activities
The body produce
majority of its ATP aerobically in mitochondria without producing lactic acid and
other fatiguing byproducts. During exercises the method of ATP productions
varies depending on fitness of individuals as well as duration, intensity of
exercises. At lower activity level when exercises continued for a long duration
several minutes or longer, energy are produce aerobically by combining oxygen
with carbohydrate & fats stored in body. Activities that are higher in
intensity, with possible duration decreasing as intensity increases, ATP
production can switched to anaerobic pathway, such as use of creating phosphates
& phosphagen systems & anaerobic glycol sis.
Aerobic ATP production are
biochemically much slower & can only use for long duration, low intensity
exercises but produce no fatiguing waste product that cannot remove immediately from sarcomere, bodies &
results in much greater numbers of ATP molecule per fats & carbohydrates
molecules. Aerobic training allowed oxygen delivery systems to more efficient,
allowing aerobic metabolism to begin quicker.
Anaerobic ATP production produce
ATP much faster & allowed near maximal intensities exercises, but also
produce significant amounts of lactic acid which rendered high intensities
exercises unsustainable for greater than several minute. The phosphagen systems
are also anaerobic, allowed for highest level of exercises intensities, but
intramuscular store of phosphocreatine were very limited and can only provide
energy for exercise lasting up to 15 seconds. Recoveries are very quick, with
full creating store regenerate within five minutes.
Dysmenorrhea
Its symptom is pain and severe diarrhea with frequently passages of mucus & blood. dysmenorrhea pain at time of menstruation. Discomfort in lower abdomen & pain in things & a general feelings of pressure may occur. The cause vary from anatomic malformations such as an undeveloped wombs, to disturbance of hormones balance. If pains are constant or severe enough to cause nausea, vomiting or headache & to interfere with normal activity, doctor should be consulted. Mental factor also can be responsible for unusual pain. Often, young girl has been prepared inadequately for womanhood. When pains are not severe, the usage of mild sedatives are helpful.
Strenuous exercises immediately before or during or after menstruation has been known to produce a period of pains later on. Thereafter, mostly physicians believes that violent exercises should be avoided.
During mild non habit forming drug is helpful, the use of habit forming drugs are dangerous. The relationship between sex functions and the actions of various glands studied by physcian permit him to prescribe endocrine or glandular product which are helpful in controlling dysmenorrhea.
Dyspnea
The medical terms for difficult & labored breathing. These symptoms occur in attack of asthma, acute laryngitis in children, cancer of throat, weaknesses of heart and other condition.
