Muscular system

Muscular system

Muscular systems are an organ system consisting of the skeletal, smooth & cardiac muscles. Its permit movements of the body maintain postures and circulate blood throughout body. The muscular systems in vertebrate are controlled through nervous system although some muscle such as cardiac muscle can be completely autonomous. Together with the skeletal system it forms the musculoskeletal system, which is responsible for movement of the human body.

 

Muscles

Three distinct types of muscles:

The skeletal muscles cardiac/heart muscles and smooths non striated muscles. Muscle provides strength, balances, postures, movements and heats to the body to keep it warm.

Upon the stimulation by action potential skeletal muscles performs coordinated contraction by the shortening each sarcomere, best proposed models for understanding contraction are sliding filament model of muscles contraction, action & myosin fiber overlaps in a contractile motion toward each other. Myosin filament has club shaped head that projects towards action filament.

 

Larger structure along myosin filaments called myosin head is used provided attachments point on bindings site for action filament. The myosin head moves in a coordinated style they swivel towards centers of sarcomere, detach & then reattaches to nearest actives site of action filaments. These are called a ratchet types drive systems. These processes consume large amount of adenosine triphosphates.

 

Energy for this comes from, energy source of cell. ATP binds to cross bridge between myosin head and action filament. The release of the energy power swiveling of myosin heads. Muscle stores little ATP & so must continuously recycle discharged adenosine diphosphate molecule into ATP rapidly. Muscles tissue also contained stored supplies of fastest acting recharges chemical creative phosphate which can assists initially producing rapid regeneration of ADP into ATP.

 

Calcium ion is required for each cycle of sarcomere, calcium are released from sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcomerewhen a muscle is stimulated to contract. This calcium uncovers the action binding site. When muscle no longer need to contract, calcium ion is pumped from sarcomere & back into storage in sarcoplasmic reticulum’s.

 

Aerobic muscles activities

The body produce majority of its ATP aerobically in mitochondria without producing lactic acid and other fatiguing byproducts. During exercises the method of ATP productions varies depending on fitness of individuals as well as duration, intensity of exercises. At lower activity level when exercises continued for a long duration several minutes or longer, energy are produce aerobically by combining oxygen with carbohydrate & fats stored in body. Activities that are higher in intensity, with possible duration decreasing as intensity increases, ATP production can switched to anaerobic pathway, such as use of creating phosphates & phosphagen systems & anaerobic glycol sis. 

 

Aerobic ATP production are biochemically much slower & can only use for long duration, low intensity exercises but produce no fatiguing waste product that cannot  remove immediately from sarcomere, bodies & results in much greater numbers of ATP molecule per fats & carbohydrates molecules. Aerobic training allowed oxygen delivery systems to more efficient, allowing aerobic metabolism to begin quicker. 

 

Anaerobic ATP production produce ATP much faster & allowed near maximal intensities exercises, but also produce significant amounts of lactic acid which rendered high intensities exercises unsustainable for greater than several minute. The phosphagen systems are also anaerobic, allowed for highest level of exercises intensities, but intramuscular store of phosphocreatine were very limited and can only provide energy for exercise lasting up to 15 seconds. Recoveries are very quick, with full creating store regenerate within five minutes.

Dysmenorrhea

Its symptom is pain and severe diarrhea with frequently passages of mucus & blood. dysmenorrhea pain at time of menstruation. Discomfort in lower abdomen & pain in things & a general feelings of pressure may occur. The cause vary from anatomic malformations such as an undeveloped wombs, to disturbance of hormones balance. If pains are constant or severe enough to cause nausea, vomiting or headache & to interfere with normal activity, doctor should be consulted. Mental factor also can be responsible for unusual pain. Often, young girl has been prepared inadequately for womanhood. When pains are not severe, the usage of mild sedatives are helpful.
Strenuous exercises immediately before or during or after menstruation has been known to produce a period of pains later on. Thereafter, mostly physicians believes that violent exercises should be avoided.
During mild non habit forming drug is helpful, the use of habit forming drugs are dangerous. The relationship between sex functions and the actions of various glands studied by physcian permit him to prescribe endocrine or glandular product which are helpful in controlling dysmenorrhea.

Dyspnea

The medical terms for difficult & labored breathing. These symptoms occur in attack of asthma, acute laryngitis in children, cancer of throat, weaknesses of heart and other condition.